South African Military Health Services Health And Social Care Essay

As combatants, we were used to an enemy that we could see, but HIV is an unseeable enemyaˆÂ ¦ It became an issue of national security for a little state like Eritrea. Dr Haile Mehstun, the Secretary for Health in the probationary authorities of the freshly independent Eritrea during 1991-93INTRODUCTION/OVERVIEWIt ‘s been 30 old ages since the designation and intervention of this disease we call AIDS and yet it seems that we are no closer to incorporating it than we are to bring arounding it. This has been chiefly due to the fact that the disease itself is alone in footings of how it attacks and spreads throughout the organic structure and besides because of the widespread and sustained socio-economic, political and demographic impacts. It has besides been called a ‘long moving ridge event ‘ whose effects will be felt for coevalss to come. Merely as the distinctive as the epidemic is, so excessively has been the response to it been. This response has been highlighted at assorted intervals by both hectic action on one manus and a entire deficiency of action on the other manus, This was unprecedented international response, as ne'er before had there been a committedness of resources of this magnitude to a wellness cause. As such this response became known as ‘AIDS Exceptionalism ‘ . The word, â€Å" Exceptionalism † , intending to handle or to give something the position of being exceeding had both positive and negative effects. AIDS Exceptionalism began as a Western response to the originally terrorizing and deadly nature of the virus, International organisations such as the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS ( UNAIDS ) , Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria ( the Global Fund ) and The US President ‘s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief ( PEPFAR ) , were formed to specifically address HIV/AIDS.This response was mirrored in South Africa every bit good.Since the first instance was discovered in 1982, The SA Department of Health ‘s ( DoH ) reaction to the epidemic was guided by the responses of the Government of the Day. As such by the twelvemonth 2000, 18 old ages after the fact, it had developed the first National Strategy to turn to HIV AIDS. This was followed by a mass motion by DoH together with NGOs, CBOs and foreign givers like PEPFAR and Jackson Foundation, to mobilise already constrained wellness resources to the direction of HIV/AIDS. The South African Military Health Services ( SAMHS ) which offers Military Health Services to all sanctioned clients of the Dept of Defence, besides maps within the guidelines of the Dept of Health every bit good as the assorted statutory organic structures, besides engaged in this ‘drive ‘ to turn to the flagellum of this disease, as it was discovered that this unobserved ‘enemy ‘ had infiltrated our ranks. The same response that was taken and adopted by the DoH was besides utilised within the SAMHS. Therefore the DoD launched the monolithic Masibambisane Awareness Campaign, followed closely by the Nationwide PROJECT PHIDISA which is a clinical research undertaking focused on the direction and intervention of HIV infection in the uniformed members of the SANDF and their dependents.The major function participants in the designation, intervention and direction of the HIV became the Health Care Professionals ( HCPs ) in the Primary Health Care Services and the same was true for the Defence environment.The first point of contact for the bulk of our clients and the topographic point of on-going direction are Primary Health Care clinics. SAMHS adopted the same intervention and direction guidelines as DoH and offered these and other services to our clients. Any alterations to these policies and guidelines unwittingly affect the service bringing within the SAMHS. So foregrounding the National Health attacks and its effects besides reflects the general mode in which PHC services are delivered in the SAMHS. Due to the graduated table and nature of the HIV epidemic, a disease specific response was seen as the most effectual manner of nearing the disease as it enabled capacity edifice of wellness systems in states in demand. It besides allowed at the clip a more manageable manner to place and turn to spreads in the wellness system whilst still being able to present a service. This attack, nevertheless, resulted in parallel systems being set up, and caused breaks in twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours healthcare proviso every bit good as the disregard of other every bit enfeebling and life endangering wellness conditions. This attack farther caused multiple convergences in the wellness service demands for HIV/AIDS and those for other diseases, which people thought did n't necessitate this type of pressing, perpendicular response and intercession. PMTCT programmes can non be isolated from equal antenatal clinic services, household planning, bringing installations, and ambulatory services for chronic diseases of adult females and kids. ( A pregnant adult female comes in at 28 hebdomads, kicking of a relentless cough and dark workout suits. At the PHC sister she is diagnosed on clinical marks and symptoms and history as being TB positive and is given a referral to the TB clinic – which is 2 doors off from where she is right now. Further trials reveal that she is besides HIV positive – so she is given a referral to the ARV/Wellness Clinic which is down the transition. Since she has ne'er had any Antenatal Care she is besides given a referral to the Antenatal Clinic – but she receives merely cough mixture today – because there no assignments available for her today in any of the other clinics. This is because we have adopted a perpendicular disease specific response to pull offing our patients. These service bringing agreements are sometimes described in footings of perpendicular or horizontal attacks. Vertical attacks use planning, staffing, direction, and financing systems that are separate from other services, whereas horizontal attacks work through bing health-system constructions. However the planetary community noticed the frequent co-infections between HIV and TB these were persuasive grounds for seeking complementarities between services for each.BackgroundIn the past few old ages, there has been a recoil against this Exceptionalism with critics claiming that HIV/AIDS receives disproportional sum of international assistance and wellness support, and that this has deductions for other wellness issues. Catching diseases and other wellness conditions were abandoned and/or neglected in favor of what became known as a civil-liberties attack. This public wellness attack helped incorporate the epidemic in certain parts of the universe to changing grades. However in Sub-Saharan Africa the disease still wreaks mayhem with about 1400 new infections per twenty-four hours. When antiretroviral intervention ( ART ) was unveiled at the 1996 International AIDS Conference in Vancouver, Canada, AIDS was transformed into a treatable disease. The coming of intervention shifted Western precedences of response â€Å" The handiness of more advanced antiretroviral therapies has made it possible to handle efficaciously those with HIV infection, thereby increasing the importance of early designation and trailing † . As donor states displacement precedences, and in the context of the economic recession, the urgency around the HIV/AIDS response is one time once more worsening. This displacement in policy and international precedences does non alter the world of an epidemic that, after three decennaries, is still unfolding. Others ‘ commentaries highlighted that many diseases and wellness issues ( such as malaria, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, under-nutrition and respiratory upsets ) resulted in more deceases than those related to AIDS in many parts of the universe, but were having less support. Whether or non this disregard was because of the prioritization of the AIDS response or due to other factors was heatedly contested.THE CURRENT HEALTH PICTUREIn low income states that have been the hardest hit by HIV, the wellness profile of the twelvemonth 2008, harmonizing to the WHO ( 2011 ) is as follows:Low-income statesDeaths in 1000000s% of deceasesLower respiratory infections 1.05 11.3 % Diarrhoeal diseases 0.76 8.2 % HIV/AIDS 0.72 7.8 % Ischaemic bosom disease 0.57 6.1 % Malarias 0.48 5.2 % Stroke and other cerebrovascular disease 0.45 4.9 % Tuberculosis 0.40 4.3 % Prematurity and low birth weight 0.30 3.2 % Birth asphyxia and birth injury 0.27 2.9 % Neonatal infections 0.24 2.6 % Internationally the taking cause of decease harmonizing to the WHO study updated in 2011, the taking cause of decease in 2008 was shockingly non due to AIDS – this could in portion be attributed to the hapless coverage or recording of deceases attributed straight to HIV/AIDS, but it alsol allows the Global Community a opportunity to gain that other serious wellness conditions which exist within our wellness systems, have the capacity to gyrate out of control due to the disregard by the AIDS Exceptionalism response.UniverseDeaths in 1000000s% of deceasesIschaemic bosom disease 7.25 12.8 % Stroke and other cerebrovascular disease 6.15 10.8 % Lower respiratory infections 3.46 6.1 % Chronic clogging pneumonic disease 3.28 5.8 % Diarrhoeal diseases 2.46 4.3 % HIV/AIDS 1.78 3.1 % Trachea, bronchial tube, lung malignant neoplastic diseases 1.39 2.4 % Tuberculosis 1.34 2.4 % Diabetess mellitus 1.26 2.2 % Road traffic accidents 1.21 2.1 % Harmonizing to the World Health Statistics 2012 study, one in three grownups global, has raised blood force per unit area – a status that causes around half of all deceases from shot and bosom disease and one in 10 grownups has diabetes. While the planetary mean prevalence is about 10 % , up to one tierce of populations in some Pacific Island states have this status. Left untreated, diabetes can take to cardiovascular disease, sightlessness and kidney failure. Dr A new wave der Merwe, in 2007, found that bosom disease is the 2nd biggest slayer of South Africans after Aids ( est. 890 people / twenty-four hours decease from Aids ) . Harmonizing to the study 30 South Africans die from bosom onslaughts and 60 from shots alone- every individual twenty-four hours with 70 % of these occur in people younger than 55 old ages of age. She farther stated that high blood force per unit area, high cholesterin and diabetes added well to the load of disease in South Africa. Heart disease is non the male merely job it was thought to be old ages ago. One out of four ( 25 % ) SA adult females younger than 60 is affected. Heart disease is the cause of decease in 20 % of all deceases in adult females – much in the same manner that adult females bear the load for HIV/AIDS more than work forces. More than half the deceases due to chronic disease, including bosom disease, occur before the age of 65 old ages. These are premature deceases that affect the work force in the state and have a major impact on the economic system of the state. Premature deceases due to bosom and blood vas diseases in people of working age ( 35 – 64 old ages ) are expected to increase by 41 % between 2007 – 2030. The negative economic impact of this will be tremendous. And yet the bulk of our focal point remains on pull offing HIV/AIDS entirely. The spread between resources required to implement HIV/AIDS programmes and those available has continued to turn over the past three old ages, this is particularly true with respects to the deficit of trained and skilled wellness attention workers particularly physicians and nurses. This has had a farther impact on the direction of other chronic conditions in that the already short supply of physicians and nurses are being channeled to HIV/AIDS Centres with the enticement of higher wages and increased inducements, go forthing fewer staff to pull off the turning figure of other patients with chronic conditions. With the SAMHS as with the DoH clinics and wellness Centres one merely has to take a glimpse around to happen an copiousness of information, postings, booklets etc on HIV/AIDS, and really few if any on other Health Conditions. Expertness is directed and allocated to the ‘Wellness Clinics ‘ and to the ‘proper ‘ direction of HIV positive patients. The ‘other ‘ can do make with what ‘s left. As Sachs notes in a commentary in The Lancet, â€Å" We are non overspending on AIDS but under-spending on the restaˆÂ ¦The pick is non between AIDS, wellness systems, and other Millennium Development Goals. We can and must back up them all. 2. Understanding HEALTH SYSTEMS The term ‘health system ‘ is a shorthand manner of mentioning to all the administrations, establishments and resources that are chiefly concerned with bettering wellness in a peculiar state. They guarantee the proviso of preventative, rehabilitative, healing, and other public wellness services, every bit good as the coevals of the fiscal, physical, and human resources needed for service proviso. Most significantly, wellness systems besides encompass the direction and administration agreements that help guarantee efficiency and equity in proviso of service, reactivity to patient demands, and answerability to communities and the broader society. Why are wellness systems of import? The recent planetary focal point on control of diseases such as HIV/AIDS, TB and Malaria has concentrated attending on intercessions that need to be scaled up, such as antiretroviral therapy, TB and malaria intervention, or intermittent intervention of pregnant adult females for malaria. However, the great bulk of intercessions depend in some manner on a basic substructure of services, which in bend depends on the being of a higher degree substructure that provides resources and supervising. Since the Declaration of Alma-Ata, attending to wellness systems has waxed and waned. Most late, in the planetary wellness community at that place has been a displacement back towards advancing wellness systems, or horizontal, intercessions. Horizontal intercessions are defined as those that strengthen the primary attention system, better wellness systems service and bringing, and address general non-disease specific jobs such as wellness worker deficits and inadequate skilled birth attenders. However, there are matter-of-fact troubles with recognizing the rhetoric and funding horizontal intercessions. The Global Fund via the Global Health Initiatives aims to beef up wellness systems to cut down the spread and impact of HIV, TB, and malaria and will assist many states fulfill their human rights duties, in peculiar the â€Å" right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest come-at-able criterion of physical and mental wellness. † Under international jurisprudence, provinces are obliged to take stairss â€Å" to the upper limit of [ their ] available resources, † , to increasingly recognize the right to the highest come-at-able criterion of wellness. The Alma Ata declaration ( 1978 ) promoted a comprehensive attack to bettering wellness with a strong accent on constructing wellness systems â€Å" from the underside up † through primary wellness attention. However this vision was challenged by those who argued that to accomplish a mensurable consequence it was necessary to concentrate on a limited figure of cost-efficient intercessions through selective primary wellness attention. The accent on presenting cost-efficient intercessions resulted in an increasing array of selective programmes, frequently being promoted at the same time. Service bringing agreements are sometimes described in footings of perpendicular or horizontal attacks. Vertical attacks use planning, staffing, direction, and financing systems that are separate from other services, whereas horizontal attacks work through bing health-system constructions.VERTICAL VS SYSTEMS APPROACH.However, there are many studies from experience that jobs may originate when several perpendicular, parallel subsystems are created within the broader health-care system. Parallel attacks are likely to ensue in: aˆ? Duplicates: running parallel systems for presenting drugs to wellness installations will increase conveyance costs, and increase the figure of signifiers that wellness workers need to finish to procure their drug supply. aˆ? Distortions: making a separate cell of better paid wellness workers for the specii ¬?c undertakings of a programme may consume staff from other cardinal maps and/or demotivate staff who do non benei ¬?t from higher wage or better conditions. aˆ? Breaks: programmes frequently train wellness workers by taking them off from their occupations for several yearss or hebdomads, go forthing their stations vacant. This preparation tends to be coordinated across programmes, and may ensue in the same worker having several preparation classs in a twelvemonth, with a significant loss of services being delivered. aˆ? Distractions: likewise, the specii ¬?c and uncoordinated coverage demands of givers can take to several signifiers being i ¬?lled by a exclusive wellness worker for the same job, deflecting them from more productive utilizations of their clip. ( United Nations: Declaration of Commitment on HIV/AIDS No. 55, nem con adopted by the United Nations General Assembly Special Session on HIV/AIDS2001. ) In amount, in a barbarous circle, weak wellness systems can restrict the effectivity of enterprises taken ND topographic point indefensible emphasis on already weak systems. This quandary drives a cuneus between wellness systems beef uping attempts and the work of the Global Health Initiatives and limits the capacity of both to accomplish their full potency The Community Systems Strengthening ( CSS ) Framework is a Global Fund enterprise which was finalized in May 2010. A bill of exchange CSS Framework was tabled at a workshop held 24-25 March 2011 in Johannesburg, South Africa.South AFRICAN RESPONSEThe HIV & A ; AIDS and STI Strategic Plan for South Africa 2012-2016 flows from the National Strategic Plan of 2007-2011 every bit good as the Operational Plan for Comprehensive HIV and AIDS Care, Management, and Treatment. It represents the state ‘s multisectoral response to the challenge with HIV infection and the wide-ranging impacts of AIDS. The NSP 2012-2016 was developed through an intensive and inclusive procedure of drafting, aggregation and bite of inputs from a broad scope of stakeholders ; through electronic mails, workshops, and meetings. SANAC had chance to interrogate the bill of exchanges on three occasions. The national multisectoral response to HIV and AIDS is managed by different constructions at all degrees. States, local governments, the private sector and a scope of CBOs are the chief implementing bureaus. Each authorities section has a focal individual and squad responsible for planning, budgeting, execution and monitoring HIV and AIDS intercessions. In this program, communities are targeted to take more duty and to play a more meaningful function. The NSP is based upon a set of cardinal Guiding Principles: ‘Supportive Leadership ‘ ‘Effective Communication ‘ ‘Effective Partnerships ‘ ‘Promoting societal alteration and coherence ‘ ‘Sustainable programmes and funding ‘ The intercessions that are needed to make the NSP ‘s ends are structured under four key precedence countries: Prevention ; Treatment, attention and support ; Human and legal rights ; and Monitoring, research and surveillance. Key Priority Area 1: Prevention Reduce by 50 % the rate of new HIV infections by 2011. The purpose is to guarantee that the big bulk of South Africans who are HIV negative remain HIV negative Key Priority Area 2: Treatment, Care, and Support Reduce HIV and AIDS morbidity and mortality every bit good as its socioeconomic impacts by supplying appropriate bundles of intervention, attention and support to 80 % of HIV positive people and their households by 2011. Mitigate the impacts of HIV and AIDS and make an enabling societal environment for attention, intervention and support Strengthen the execution of OVC policy and programmes Expand and implement CHBC as portion of EPWP Strengthen the execution of policies and services for older people affected by HIV and AIDS Mainstream the proviso of appropriate attention and support services to HIV positive people with disablements and their households Key Priority Area 3: Research, Monitoring, and Surveillance The NSP 2207-2011 recognises monitoring and rating ( M & A ; E ) as an of import policy and direction tool. Key Priority Area 4: Human and Legal Rights Stigma and favoritism continue to show challenges in the direction of HIV and AIDS. This precedence country seeks to mainstream these in order to guarantee witting execution programmes to turn to them.RESPONSE WITHIN THE SAMHSUNAIDS ( 2003 ) reported that uniformed services, including peacekeepers, often rank among the population groups most affected by sexually transmitted infections ( STIs ) , including HIV. Military forces are two to-five times more likely to contract STIs than the civilian population and, during struggle, this factor can increase significantly. A military analyst with South Africa ‘s Institute of Strategic Studies has warned that, unless the spread of AIDS among ground forcess from high-prevalent states is stopped shortly, it is possible that many of these states will be unable to take part in future peacekeeping operations. This would stand for a serious blow since soldiers from states, with, or nearing, high-HIV prevalence rates ( above 5 % ) make up 37 % of all UN peacekeepers. UNAIDSSTRATEGIC OBJECTIVES OF THE SA MILITARY HEALTH SERVICE – Contribution TO GOVERNMENT PRIORITIES 2011-2014Government Priority Outcome 2. The SAMHS nucleus concern is directed to lend to the Government Priority Outcome 2, A Long and Healthy Life for all South Africans. The SAMHS is an active participant in the National Human Development Cluster and the Programme of Action of the bunch is straight linked to the following cardinal end products as identified and formulated by the bunch: aˆ? Increased life anticipation at birth. aˆ? Reduced kid mortality. aˆ? Decreased maternal mortality ratio. aˆ? Pull offing HIV prevalence. aˆ? Reduced HIV incidence. aˆ? Expanded Prevention of Maternal to Child Transmission programme. aˆ? Improved TB instance Findings. aˆ? Improved TB results. aˆ? Improved entree to antiretroviral intervention for HIV-TB co-infected patients. Decreased prevalence of MDR-TB. aˆ? Revitalisation of primary wellness attention. aˆ? Improved physical substructure for wellness attention bringing. aˆ? Improved patient attention and satisfaction. aˆ? Accreditation of wellness installations for quality. Enhanced operational direction of wellness installations and improved entree to human resources support. aˆ? Improved wellness attention funding and wellness information systems, improved wellness services for the young person and expanded entree to place based attention and community wellness workers. The undermentioned five cardinal end products that constitute the footing of the Health Sector ‘s Negotiated Service Delivery Agreement ( NSDA ) for 2010-2014 are required from the SAMHS: aˆ? Health Promotion And Prevention Directed To Healthy Life Styles. aˆ? Increasing life anticipation. aˆ? Reducing maternal and child mortality rates. aˆ? Combating HIV and AIDS and diminishing the load of diseases from TB and aˆ? Strengthening wellness system effectivity. The SAMHS has 6 major formations that deal with the operation of the SAMHS as a whole. Of specific mention to this treatment is the Area Military Health Formation, and the Tertiary Military Health Formation that trades specifically with the comprehensive direction of DoD patients. The Area Formation is the Formation through which Primary Health Care is delivered to all SANDF members and their dependents through assorted Military Medical Clinics, Polyclinics and Base Hospitals. Within the Department of Defence ( DoD ) the South African Military Health Services, the Surgeon General manages the HIV Programme since 1991 through a multi-disciplinary attack. The construction of the SA Military Health Service makes proviso for assorted degrees of direction, and the HIV Management Structure mirrors these degrees. The first degree of the HIV Management Structure allows for audience to the Surgeon General and the remainder of the DOD, policy preparation, monitoring and coordination of the HIV ProgrammeThe 2nd degree of the HIV Management Structure allows for execution of the HIV programme throughout the DOD. â€Å" Regional † HIV/AIDS Committees. â€Å" Nodal Points † or regional HIV programme directors appointed in the states, military infirmaries, the Institute of Military Medicine, Aerospace Medicine and the Institute of Maritime Medicine. HIV Workplace Programme Managers, appointed in every unit/workplace in the DOD. HIV Master trainers and other forces involved in the HIV Training Programme of the DOD. The HIV/AIDS Coordinating Committee is responsible for guaranting execution and coordination of the HIV programme and supervising the executing of the HIV programme. As such the commission is end product driven with respect to the direction of the entire HIV Programme. The HIV Programme Manager acts as president of the commission. This Committee every bit good as the SG are guided by the National Strategic Plan and the Treatment Guidelines as developed by the DoH. As is seeable there is n't a Directorate for Diabetes or Cardiac Care or Director Hypertension and Stroke Management. So within the SAMHS as good energies and attempts have been mobilized in an exceeding attempt to turn to HIV/AIDS, as was demonstrated by the monolithic PHIDISA Project.ChallengeThe systemic challenge of human resources peculiarly in the wellness sector, attenuates the expected benefits of these committednesss. The proviso of wellness services is labour intensive and a scope of both clinical and direction accomplishments are required to present quality wellness services in an low-cost and just mode. There is presently an instability in the distribution of wellness professionals between the populace and the private wellness attention sectors, with the bulk of physicians, druggists, and tooth doctors in peculiar placed in the private sector. In add-on, the migration of wellness professionals to developed states has contributed to the job of recruiting and retaining wellness professionals in the public wellness sector. The most destitute countries such as informal colonies and rural countries are disproportionately affected by deficits in human resources..WAY FORWARDControling the harrying effects of HIV/AIDS should non happen at the cost of pull offing other non-communicable chronic conditions that can be merely as lay waste toing. In order to guarantee that the badness of the HIV pandemic is met with the response that it deserves and to supply a comprehensive medical service the SAMHS has to accommodate to the undermentioned guidelines:Adopting theoretical accounts of attention with per se high scalability. The huge bulk of African states use the western referral theoretical account of attention with big Numberss of specialised wellness workers, mostly indefensible for pull offing HIV and AIDS and timeserving infections.Rigid staff definitions hinder occupation sharing and cross-training. In add-on, HIV and AIDS intervention runs the hazard of going a perpendicular programme, focused on a limited set of proficient intercessions offered without mention to people ‘s societal environment and insufficiently integrated with other wellness attention proviso. The world is that people populating with HIV and AIDS live and work in communities non in wellness installations. The challenge is therefore to keep big Numberss of people populating with HIV and AIDS in their communities and prolong them on long-run therapy with high conformity and attachment. Urgently needed are large-scale incorporate public wellness theoretical accounts for turn toing antiretroviral therapy and other signifiers of HIV and AIDS attention and intervention at the primary attention and community degrees. 2. Redefining professional functions Developing and polishing public wellness theoretical accounts for HIV/AIDS intervention and attention will affect extended appraisals, stakeholder treatments and pilot trials. Among the likely issues: redefining and devolving functions and strategies of service and reexamining professional licensure and accreditation demands for wellness staff at all degrees. Pilot undertakings show that some undertakings related to antiretroviral therapy, such as everyday follow ups and reding, can be carried out by lay community workers, trained and supported by referral systems. Technology offers many exciting possibilities for leveraging rare accomplishments and expertness over big Numberss of midlevel and alternate wellness suppliers, possibilities to be investigated. Mobile wellness services need to be refined, adapted and used to widen antiretroviral therapy into widely dispersed communities. Any attack ( or set of attacks ) will profit from leading, sound feasibleness surveies and policy or regulative counsel. 3. Increasing skilled human resources for wellness. Most national or local wellness services are inadequately staffed to supply HIV/AIDS intervention and attention and serve people with other demands. The Joint Learning Initiative on human resources for wellness estimated that Africa needs one million extra wellness professionals in order to run into the WHO ‘s minimal staffing for wellness attention proviso ( Joint Learning Initiative 2004 ) . Health Care Providers themselves are acquiring sick at high rates, adding to losingss of forces who move to the private sector or other states. Health reforms adopted in many states in the 1990s demand to be reviewed in the visible radiation of current and future staff demands, including footings of service. Organizations stand foring wellness workers and authoritiess need to maintain forces in topographic point and better their motive, working environments and inducements. Plan implementers must besides undertake the reluctance of many wellness workers to work in rural locations. 4 Training wellness attention professionals. Training for wellness suppliers to present antiretroviral therapy and relevant supportive, logistical and monitoring services remains limited. A Kenyan survey shows that merely 30 % of physicians ordering antiretroviral drugs had received preparation in administrating and supervising antiretroviral therapy ( Livesley and Morris 2004 ) . There is a clear demand to develop rapid developing methods in order to spread out services across all cells involved in antiretroviral therapy. 5 Meeting the costs of intervention and attention. For scaling-up to be successful, the monetary value of antiretroviral therapy and other indispensable drugs for the direction of chronic conditions and related intercessions needs to come down to a degree that African authoritiess can budget for sustainably. Budgeting for antiretroviral therapy requires a vision and committedness to prolong support for at least five decennaries and possibly longer. Once started, antiretroviral therapy and medicine for lasting chronic conditions like diabetes and high blood pressure, must be provided for the patient ‘s life-time. The sustainability of support for HIV/AIDS enterprises raises legion political and ethical issues that can be resolved merely with committed leading. 6 Developing a patient attention substructure. Health forces need substructure to back up their proficient and interpersonal accomplishments. Functioning research lab and proving installations must be available if antiretroviral therapy programmes are to win. 7 Increasing patient followup to increase attachment. Patients must take their chronic medicine which includes antiretroviral drugs on a regular basis. If random breaks occur specifically with ARVs, the virus is likely to mutate into drug-resistant strains. The deficiency of attachment to intervention is non a new job. For illustration, the outgrowth of multidrug-resistant TB is related to the deficiency of attachment to intervention and inappropriate drugs. Many womb-to-tomb diseases like IHV are complex and time-demanding and T is complicates adherence. Close patient followup additions attachment, but this is a challenge in resource-constrained African scenes. 8.Sustaining drug supplies: . A discontinuance in drug supply increases the hazard of failed intervention, detrimental non merely to the patient but besides easing drug-resistant strains. Periodic drug deficits are non uncommon in Africa At the national degree the challenge is to construct strong drug procurance and distribution systems, avoiding supply breaks and leaks and guaranting drug quality. At the undertaking degree, logistics are important, guaranting safe drug storage and distribution. 9. There is besides an increasing demand for a strategic, co-ordinated attack to the epidemic and for the integrating of HIV/AIDS into the primary wellness attention system. 10. Recommendations for South Africa by the Global Health Initiatives Fund, which can be implemented in the SAMHS include: â€Å" Ensure cosmopolitan entree to basic wellness attention, giving absolute precedence to the poorest and most vulnerable groups in the population ( kids and adult females ) -with specific mention it includes the married womans and kids of soldiers who live in rural otherwise unaccessible countries. Reinforce whole wellness systems, alternatively of establishing schemes on perpendicular plans ; Strengthen substructures, organisation and control of plans, purchase and distribution of indispensable medical specialties ( including antiretroviral drugs for the intervention of AIDS ) ; And, above all, invest in human resources within the public wellness sector through preparation, motive, appropriate and merely wage of wellness forces that will assist barricade the drain of staff to the private sector and abroad. † Decision The vision which fuelled our battle for freedom ; the deployment of energies and resources ; the integrity and committedness to common ends – all these are needed if we are to convey AIDS under control. ( Mandela, Davos 1997 ) Right now nevertheless, since the handiness of ARVs, we have turned the tide on HIV/AIDS being the decease sentence that it began as, but we turned our dorsums on the other menaces that are harrying the wellness of our soldiersaˆÂ ¦

Parties and party systems: A framework for analysis Essay

Political parties Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Political parties are present in nations all over the world and politicians use parties as a way to outline their efforts in order to be elected. Political parties can be seen as social movements, with politicians trying to persuade people to consider their party. However, they have created legitimacy in a nation with widespread approval of institutional or government power. Although political parties have varying ranks of participation in their corresponding governments, many nations are used to permit members of several political parties to be represented in  the ratio with a prevalent electoral vote. Moreover, other nations comprise of only one political  party and still other nations are controlled by a small number of political parties. Consequently, political system of America has extensively been described as a â€Å"two political  parties’ nation. This has endured persistent, although the political parties which were in charge have been modified and there are a number of outlooks as to why this is so (De Leon, 2004).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The two major parties in the United State have failed to meet the expectations of their followers. Their supporters are looking forward for a day when other political parties will have a say in the United State, a day when they will vote for a president from another party other than the Democrat or Republican. Is not that they are no other political parties in the United State, but there are small parties that cannot fit in the current political system (Mann, 2013). Two-party system was introduced in the United State by Alexander Hamilton’s with an aim of introducing a new political era. The system was effective because there was healthy competition between the Republicans and the Democrats for many years. However, this system has been misused by the current political leaders.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   According to Popkin (2012), in the past, Republican were known for their interest on matters of private enterprise and government while the Democrats were well known for their fighting spirit when it comes to the issues of the common man and labor rights. Currently there has been a dramatic change in these responsibilities because politicians of both parties have become selfish, self-centered and corrupt. Republicans leader’s supports lobbying groups which they well know that they have huge number of followers; a good example is the gay marriage group which was in support by the republicans in 2012 presidential elections. The common people are left to suffer and that is a good reason why voters are looking for another presidential candidate from a different party other than republicans or democrats.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   United State needs another party which will be moderate. Citizens need a party that will consider the rights of all citizens regardless of their race, gender or financial status. A party that will not support lobbying groups and its leaders will not be self-centered or corrupt. The moderate party will be run with transparency and thus they will be free to tell the truth to its followers. This party will force the democrats and the republicans to change their leadership system, and thus the Democrats and the Republican will try to copy the moderate party policies. All that is the dream of the voters who are tired of the two-party system in the United State and maybe it will come to reality one day (Ornstein, 2013).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The republicans and the democrats have a strong influence in the government because they believe if they are in the government, they have the rules. This slogan makes it hard for other parties to rise inthe United States (Mair, 2005). The two parties are rich and thus they have all the money to support their presidential candidates. This enhances the popularity of the candidate and thus they end up winning the elections. The solution to this dominance of the two political parties is that all the presidential candidates should be publically funded so that they can be given equal amount of money for their campaigns. Voters now will be free to elect leaders not because of their political parties or financial status but because of their ideology.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The topic of the two political parties in the United State and the demand for a change from the voters is interesting to everybody in the whole world. People all over the world find this topic of political system in the United State interesting because of its uniqueness. Many democratic countries have multi-party system where various political parties are involved in the government compared to the United State where there are only two horses. A lot of people tend to study this topic in order to know how the government is run by the two parties, how elections are conducted with only two candidates and why the other parties fail to rise in this system. Demand by voters for another moderate party is the most interesting issue in this topic, but will the current dominance of the republicans and democrats allow this change? And who will introduce this moderate party? This is the most interesting topic in the Americans politics (McAuliffe, 2007) .   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The current evolution of politics in the United States must include numerous political parties to vie for the presidency position and other positions. The idea of considering only two parties does not fulfill the rights of political development in any governing nation and inclusion of third parties should mostly be deliberated. Though the American political structure has reliably been in this two party system, third parties occasionally stimulate elections and the candidates for those third party still sometime obtain elected posts in various states. The two party system is an influential system of politics because the two parties recognizes their mutual interests and they can keep for third party from gaining popularity and impact (Holt, 1992). New parties bring new ideas and philosophies in the world of politics. Collaboration of the two main parties to keep any other competitor party from gaining ground extremely brings a difficult chal lenge to any incoming third party.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Since the representation of the Green Party in the 1984 election, where it acted as the third party, deduction can be made that third parties have lacked interest in politics. Inclusion of third parties comprises much significance to many citizens and the same time offer great threat to the dominating parties. Third parties embrace people who feel strongly about a certain issue because that party focuses exclusively on it and this party can be closely tied to a particular region, which can raise their appeal. A third political party suggests numerous government practices and policies which lead to progress in a state generally. Third parties accomplish an impression on the political landscape and they have been having more achievement in elections than before (Conor and Lem, 2006).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   If there is an inclusion of a third party in the current politics of the United States, major and prominent parties (Republican and Democrat) can address positively on divisible problems due to pressure and stiff competition. Moreover, third party like the Green Party can challenge one of the dominant party on various issues such as social justice while the other third party can position problems to the other major party. In simple terms, candidates of third party speak more honestly and freely than their major party opponents, addressing issues and facts that the foremost parties would often prefer to disregard. The reason behind this is because third parties usually consider themselves as having little chance of winning thus displaying their infidelity to the citizens (Hirano, 2007).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Snyder and Hirano (2007) have stated various factors which have potentially contributed to the existence of a two party system in the United States. One of the factors that influence mostly is the state of the economy in America. The state of the economy in America discourages the third party due to its necessities since third parties are just developing parties. Therefore, they do not have adequate funds to manage the status of the economy. High cost of political campaigns contributes greatly to lack of third political in the politics of the United States. The cost of managing and maintaining campaigns in all states of America is extremely high and this is a disadvantage to third parties because of inadequate funds. In addition, the rise of candidate-centered politics and political power at the national level has resulted to the two party system. However, electoral legislation which has influenced America is the Australian ballot whereby it involves restrictions as to who can appear on it. These limits create high obstacles which can only be controlled by any political with high amount of money.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In conclusion, these views and opinions can be considered as theory which needs to be validated in the political system of America. All factors leading to the deterioration of third parties can be tied to diversity. A great compact of resistance happens between political parties due to pressure on competition of generating voters thus strengthening the democracy of a nation. Existence of political parties ensures that there is no political perspective ignored and may be the reason the two party systems is well accepted in America. Generally, the dominance of third party in the political system of America will highly influence and modify its development. The foundation of all factors that are hindering the existence of a third party is based on the current political system in America and this gives an impression that with most factors considered, it is possible for things to change. References De Leon, C. (2004). â€Å"Radicals in Our Midst: the American Critique of Capitalism in Hirano, S. and James M. Snyder, Jr. (2007). â€Å"The Decline of Third-Party Voting in the United States† The Journal of Politics, 69:1.Holt, M. F. (1992). Political parties and American political development: From the age of Jackson to the age of Lincoln. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. Lem, S. B., and Conor M. D. (2006). â€Å"Picking Their Spots: Minor PartyCandidates in Gubernatorial Elections† Political Research Quarterly, 59:3. Saved April 6, 2012. Available: JSTOR Mann, T. E., & Ornstein, N. J. (2013). It’s even worse than it looks: How the American constitutional system collided with the new politics of extremism. New York: Basic Books. McAuliffe, T., & Kettmann, S. (2007). What a party!: My life among Democrats : presidents, candidates, donors, activists, alligators, and other wild animals. New York: Thomas Dunne Books. Popkin, S. L. (2012). The candidate: What it takes to win, and hold, the White House. New York: Oxford University Press. Sartori, G., & Mair, P. (2005). Parties and party systems: A framework for analysis. Colchester: ECPR. The Chicago Two-Party System, 1833-1867.† Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of  the American Sociological Association San Francisco, California. Source document

Career in Quantity Surveying

Career in Quantity Surveying Quantity surveyors come in two flavors. There is the PQS, Private Quantity Surveyor, who works in professional practice and the CQS or Contractor’s Quantity Surveyor, who works for a building contractor. The Quantity Surveyor   is responsible for all the financial, contractual and legal aspects of a construction project.   The PQS will provide cost planning advice during the design stage of a project and then monitor the actual costs against the budgets whilst the project is being built.   Building contractors are often paid monthly in instalments on large projects and it is the quantity surveyors job to determine a fair valuation for the work that has been completed.   In addition the PQS will advise the client on a suitable form of building contract. The Contractor’s Quantity Surveyor will be involved in pricing work that a contractor is asked to tender for, letting packages of work to specialist subcontractors and valuing and paying for subcontractor’ s work. In the same way that the PQS provides cost planning advice to the client the CQS provides financial advice to the building contractor. If you think you are more skilled with figures than floor plans then you might think about becoming a quantity surveyor the so called economist of the construction industry.   As a student quantity surveyor, Ruth Smart worked on the McAlpine Stadium in Huddersfield calculating the construction costs.   Listen to what she has to say about her work by clicking on her link.   Hit Back on your browser to return to this page. If you think you are more skilled with figures than floor plans then you might think about becoming a quantity surveyor the so called economist of the construction industry. As a student quantity surveyor Ruth Smart worked on McAlpine Stadium in Huddersfield calculating the construction costs. The major one of this stadium was all of these they are called banana trusses because they are shaped like bananas. The steel wo rk that went into this stadium was very expensive. There is a lot concrete in this building as you can see all the seats. The whole structure is concrete. The seats are put on top of concrete. Steps, huge, huge money. The nicer bits are thing like you know the actual pitch, and the lights all these extras that you don’t think of which need to be priced. The line markings, everything we have to take into account everything, signage, big project. I studied quantity surveying at Leeds and years 1 and 2 was spent in the college learning, year 3 was spent on site at McAlpine Stadium and year 4 was my final year again spent in College. It wasn’t just text book stuff it was things like learning to build a brick wall. What construction was about the actual physical building of buildings. Surveyors who have been educated in Britain are viewed very well overseas. Two months after I graduated I started work out in Johannesburg, South Africa. Which was fantastic lots of exposure. Thrown in at the deep end was great running my own jobs.

Capstone Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 4

Capstone - Essay Example The mission of the company is to enhance innovative products and also design new products that meet the demanding needs of their customers. Therefore, the mission of the BlackBerry Ltd have offered the company a wide and universal view to the company the reason for its existence ; hence enabling the company to identify its ultimate vision and goals vital for the values, as well as, cultures of the organisation. The primary stakeholders have played significant roles of influencing on the corporate business activities as community citizenship and social responsibility have been consistently incorporated into corporate management. Employee, customers and business partners are among the primary stakeholders that carry weight in corporate decisions and activities; thus they influence business activities in the company. Therefore, understanding the impact the primary stakeholders on business activities of the company is significant. For instance, the primary stakeholders in Blackberry Comp any have made significant efforts of establishing a superior ground for the debate on corporate purpose through offering a conceptual framework, showing its influence on competitiveness and executive leadership. Employees adhere to social responsibility and also make community citizenship a priority; thus contributing to effective business performance. Q.2 The company employs Porter’s five forces of analysis and this have impacted the performance of the company in varied ways. First, the intensity of competition rivalry is one of their major determinants for competitiveness; thus the company has made significant efforts of designing innovative and low cost products, as well as, employing powerful competitive strategy of product differentiation, as well as, powerful branding strategy vital for competing with their competitors. Secondly, threats of new entrants into the business have threatened the effective commercial activities of the company. However, the incumbents have att empted to block the new firms by employing entry barriers, establishing customer loyalties and among other entry barriers to block new entrants. Thirdly, threats of substitute commodities have also impacted the effective performance of the business because this increases the tendency of customers to switch to substitute products. Fourthly, the bargaining power of buyers and this have impacted the company because of the ability of consumers to put the company under pressure to lower prices for products; thus affecting sensitivity of customers to price changes. Lastly, the bargaining power of suppliers and this have also impacted the company suppliers have made the firm to switch costs and this has impacted cost or differentiation of products. Q. 3 SWOT analysis is an effective tool that a company can employ in order to analyze their potential factors that are favorable or unfavorable for effective business performance. Therefore, below is the SWOT analysis of the BlackBerry Company t hat indicates strengths and weaknesses, as well as, opportunities and threats in the company. INTERNAL EXTERNAL Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities Threats -The company has strong brand recognition. -Highly secure smartphones. -The have a better brand loyalty among business customers and niche markets. -They strong focus on customer

Case study- Word Processing Support in a Government Agency Essay

Case study- Word Processing Support in a Government Agency - Essay Example Equipment upgrades was a viable solution, but the department received additional funding to purchase new equipment for one worker. Another way to solve the problem was hiring new employees. The agency approved the creation of two new positions for the department, but there are governmental constraints that freeze the hiring of new employees for 6 months. It is the job of the manager to find immediate solutions to increase the productivity of its work staff. In order to increase the productivity the manager has to utilize sound human resource principles to instill motivation in his current staff. Jack is the most experienced worker on the staff. His production has always been averaged. Past events have contributed to Jack’s lack of motivation. He feels he was passed up for management position years ago when the current manager and he were on the same career path. This conflict needs a resolution in order to increase the value of Jack contribution and allow this valuable asset to achieve his potential. An intervention with a professional consoler in with the participation of Jack and the manager could help resolved this past conflict. One resolve Jack could be given a higher leadership role in the team in order to motivate Jack to produce more. Dianne is a member of the staff that is currently an obvious weakness due to her being the least productive worker of the staff. Dianne is young and talented, but her work equipment is practically obsolete. Dianna youth and enthusiasm could be better utilized if she is allowed to blossom. The budget allocated for equipment should be given to Dianna. The employee with the potential to achieve a greater jump in productivity is the one that has the biggest room to operate. Being the worst performer even getting her to do average output would imply substantial productivity gains. Being that Dianna is a recent college graduate she would

Sustainability Accounting & Reporting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Sustainability Accounting & Reporting - Essay Example Process of dealing with the environmental problems accounting is very necessary. Companies need to maintain corporate social responsibility to keep in check stakeholder reasoning. Moreover, different companies normally set uniquely the stakeholders patterns of influence encompassing the stakeholders in the general operation is important. Setting effective base for the CSR the corporations must maintain proper accounts and descriptive theories in explaining CSR, which encompasses managerialist, middle of the road and theoretical model. There exist several means of enhancing the practice of CSR that have evolved over time from the small aspects in business to become key component of business activity. Each industry sets the outline in handling CSR. Triple bottom line reporting provides good start towards sustainability. Process of dealing with social and environmental problems internal organizational perspective is important. Moreover, the consequent development in triple reporting is normally integrated reporting that presents many benefits and possess some few challenges. Most business is naturally unsustainable creating questions while trying to satisfy the social and environmental problems. Therefore, the process ought to allow for sustainability the society that ought to change their perceptions. Partnerships are new dew developments that bring about joint ideas in operations and networking. Moreover, public are good drivers of sustainability than the corporations. Proper costing of carbon is driven by the NGER act; several implications can be identified with the

Question 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Question 3 - Essay Example It is necessary for every organization to have its own structure for the purpose of ensuring effective operation. In simple words, the organizational structure is the hierarchy of the organization’s function and its people. Moreover, it also reflects the values and characters of an organization. Depending upon the values and objectives, an organization tends to adopt one of the following organizational structures. This study seeks to investigate about the type of organizational structures and the importance of organizational structure in the modern days. This study will also shed light on whether there is an appropriate institutional structure for certain sectors? For example, the question to be analysed is - in the automotive and the rapid consumption industry do we expect the structures of these institutions to be any different? In addition, the study will also investigate whether an organization's structure should change due to the shift in environmental conditions? In orde r to analyse the questions the study will depend on the secondary result and ultimately will draw a conclusion. Discussion Every organization needs to have a particular structure in order to operate efficiently as well as systematically in the market place. ... The bureaucratic structure is further divided into three structures namely pre-bureaucratic structures, bureaucratic structures and post-bureaucratic structures. Organisations following pre bureaucratic structures lack standards and are usually visible in start up companies or small companies. Pre- bureaucratic structures are highly centralized and usually there is a sole decision maker. On the other hand, bureaucratic structures have a certain level of standards. This is usually practised in large organization with complex management. Organization following post-bureaucratic structures also put strict management into practise, but they are enthusiastic in adopting new methodologies and ideas as well (Huber, 2005). Functional Structure Organizations following functional structures have their organization divided into different segments as per the functions of the departments. Moreover, the manager or the supervisor of that department also comes from the same background or same filed. As a result of this, organizations embrace the ability to enhance efficiency of the entire organization by appointing and allocating specialized person in each department. For example, in a software company the entire recruitment and selection process of the software engineers are done by the existing software development teams of the organization. In this way the supervision and management of this group becomes effective. Functional structures are mostly visible in organizations with large scale operation (Maguire, 2003). Divisional Structure In this type of organisational structure, companies divide functional areas into different divisions. Each of the division is provided with their own resources in order to ensure they perform their functions and

Lessons from the Cold War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Lessons from the Cold War - Essay Example The United States is widely considered to be the â€Å"winner† of the Cold War for several reasons. Firstly, there is simple geography: if you look at a map, the United States exists now exactly as it did during the years of the Cold War (in fact, it actually grew somewhat during the conflict, adding Hawaii and Alaska as states as opposed to protectorates or territories), whereas the Soviet Union dissolved as a political entity, becoming Russia, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, the Baltic States, Belarus, Ukraine, and several other smaller states between the Black and Caspian Seas (Brooks 450). More importantly, however, was the fact that the political ideology of Russia shifted – the one-party, the communist government ended, the economy was capitalized, state-run corporations became privately owned and so on. So, the state of the Soviet Union and the form of government and economy that it represented both ended, while the United States remained the lone Superpowe r. There are various explanations of how the Cold War was â€Å"won† or â€Å"lost† without recourse to a nuclear war. One of the major theories is that the United State’s more efficient and productive economy simply outpace the Soviet one, leading the Soviet government to either fall behind militarily or socially – both of which would have led to the downfall (Brooks 449). The classic explanation can be summarized as ‘the United States could make tanks and cars, the Soviet Union, one or the other.’ Any explanation that fails to take into account Soviet leadership, however, is somewhat naà ¯ve. The fact is that Gorbachev, the leader of the Soviet Union, genuinely sought openness and freedom for his people, and allowed them the freedom to choose what type of economy they wanted, which allowed the Soviet Union to fall without violent backlashes towards either the United States or its own populace (Brooks 454).

The categorical imperative and duty to Kant and comparing his ideas to Essay

The categorical imperative and duty to Kant and comparing his ideas to the golden rule of jesus - Essay Example As mentioned in the question to this essay itself, the maxim in question of the imperative runs as follows: act only according to that maxim which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law. First, some of the first aspects to note with regard to the imperative, are that it is something which is obeyed as a duty by what he considers to be a morally good individual. Secondly, it is a moral obligation, and finally, and as a preliminary note which will be expanded upon, this is a notion which facilitates any morally 'good' action. Thus, the first section of the Groundwork concerns the general notion of obedience as it is connected with the categorical imperative, and the second section reviews in more detail the doctrines about the categorical imperative, and considers those aspects which might be taken as a criticism or potential criticism of the doctrine itself. From the general, to the more specific, an important dimension of the whole aspect of the imperativ e is the notion of universalibility, and this is related to the aspect of 'willing' something which can or could be equally willed by any other person In the Groundwork, Kant argues that a 'good' man is going to use the criterion of 'universality' for all of his actions, as a maxim which works as a standard to judge good from bad actions, or ethical from unethical decisions. This implies that the means for this obedience or duty to the categorical imperative also involves a certain sense of 'autonomy' for the individual. He maintains that the â€Å"categorical imperative† a â€Å"maxim whereby you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law . . . the universality of law according to which effects are produced constitutes what is properly called nature in the most general sense (as to form), i.e., the existence of things as far determined by universal laws.† [Pojman, Ed., 1998: 302]. Accordingly, the â€Å"universal imperative of duty may† is â€Å"the maxim of your action were to become through your will a universal law of nature. [Pojman, Ed., 1998: 302] Having stated the law in question (the categorical imperative), Kant proceeds to both demonstrate this through an example, which is an example that also serves for purposes of proving this as universally valid as a criterion for moral action. Thus, with regard to the aforementioned notion of 'autonomy', or the moral choice of the individual, Kant establishes what might be called a property of ethical legislation which qualifies as a command. In the second section of the Groundwork, which is a section under the subtitle or subheading of the 'doctrine of virtue', Kant asserts the following with respect to this important 'property' or salient aspect, and which qualifies as both an example and a demonstration or proof the categorical imperative: "Another man in need finds himself forced to borrow money . . . the maxim of his action would then be expressed as follows: when I believe myself to be in need of money, I will borrow money and promise to pay it back, although I know that I can never do so." [Pojman, Ed., 1998: 302] In this example, Kant argues that although it is possible for myself, or anyone else to adopt this maxim, that is, as an application or concrete example of the categorical

History evacuation course work Essay Example for Free

History evacuation course work Essay The two sources are different, source B is a picture taken during the war in1939 the year in which the war had started in September. It seems to have been used as a government propaganda source. The photo is to encourage people to evacuate their children, also to get people to look at the people in the picture see the faces in the picture and look at their spirit and get them to follow the example. I have made this conclusion because the picture looks as if it has been taken from high up and at an angle looking down, also all the people are waving and they all look happy and the formation theyre walking in is pretty organized. The government wanted this because they wanted people two evacuate. Source C is a teacher being interviewed in 1988 remembering what happened the teacher tells us about the start of the journey at the train station about the mothers trying to shout to there children good bye because they wont see them for a long time. The teacher might not remember every thing because its 50 years after the event so his memory would be patchy or might only focus on just the bad points in instead of the good. This source was probably made for teaching aides or an archive because sources e and f are also dated 1988. I think that source C is the most valuable source as evidence as what happened because source b was probably set up by the government to get people to agree with them that children should be evacuated this was important to the government because they dont want children among the casualty list also they want to keep that generation because in ww1 they lost a generation of men. Source C is someone who was their giving their opinion on the matter this is valuable because someone is recalling the truth as they saw it happening before them. The extract comes from a book called Carries war it was written in 1973 by Nina Bowden. The book is a childrens novel it has been written to entertain children. This would affect the book by changing facts and figures because she needs to make it more interesting. The context of this story is the evacuees Carrie and nick being taken back to there evacuation home by there carer Miss Evans before this scene they would have had been at the train station being issued to there cares. Miss Evans thinks that the evacuees Nick and Carrie are poor Carrie and Nick think that its funny and arent really bothered. The characters think this because the children saw evacuation as a big adventure but the adults saw the children as smelly little things. The conditions some of the children come from were terrible the houses were terraced close together and very poor quality. I think this source is not very reliable at all it is a story it is a story it is made to entertain little children problems would be that the facts may be different and could that the author doesnt have a clue.

Corporate Culture of Toyota

Corporate Culture of Toyota Toyota is one of the worlds biggest automobile producers; trade over 9 million models in 2006 on all over the world. Top 10 wealth Global 500 project, Toyota grades among the worlds leading worldwide corporations and is superior to be the most well-liked automaker. A success of the company is to that they the commitment to customer happiness. Toyota has been created by a set of values and principles that have their line in the companys formative years in Japan. Toyota gives the new thought of cars is about dreams, feeling and motivation. They are a single ability for Toyota to say where the aim is heading, and to prove its customers what they map in the mind as well as in future, but the fact is that Toyota engineer theres a lot more too automotive design than dreaming up what you want your car to look like on the outside. Designers have to work closely with engineers, production plants, and marketing specialists to create a car that is not only beautiful, but that will sell and is practical to own. Toyota company changes their model in every 3rd year, whereas other companies changes their models in every 5th year. History: According to the internet website Sakichi Toyoda, a productive creator, formed the Toyoda Automatic Loom Company founded on his innovative designs, one of which was approved to a British concern for 1 million yen; this money was utilized to help found Toyota Motor Company, which was maintained by the Japanese government partly because of the military purposes. The Japanese relied on overseas trucks in the war in Manchuria, but with the hopelessness, money was limited. Domestic invention would decrease costs, offer jobs, and create the country more self-governing. By 1936, just after the first victorious Toyoda vehicles were manufactured, Japan demanded that any automakers selling in the country needed to have a majority of stockholders from Japan, along with all officers, and stopped nearly all imports. (Article by Konrad Schreier) Toyodas car operations were placed in the hands of Kiichiro Toyoda, Sakichi Toyodas son; they started experimenting with two cylinder engines at first, but ended up copying the Chevrolet 65-horsepower straight-six, using the same chassis and gearbox with styling copied from the Chrysler Airflow. The first engine was produced in 1934 (the Type A), the first car and truck in 1935 (the Model A1 and G1, respectively), and its second car design in 1936 (the model AA). In 1937, Toyota Motor Company was split off. From 1936 to 1943, only 1,7,57 cars were made 1,404 sedans and 353 phaetons (model AB), but Toyoda found more success building trucks and busses. (Some of these early details are from http://www.geocities.com/toyotageek/) The Toyota KB, a 44 produced starting in 1941, was a two-ton truck similar to the prewar KC; it had a loading capacity of 1.5 tons and could run up to about 43 mph. The GB was based on the peacetime, 1.5 ton G1 truck, which in turn was based on the Model A1 cars. (From global spec). The first Toyoda truck was roughly a one-ton to one and a half-ton design, conventional in nature, using (after 1936) an overhead valve six-cylinder engine that appears to have been a clone of the Chevrolet engine of the time: indeed, a large number of parts were interchangeable, and Toyoda trucks captured in the war were serviced by the Allies with Chevrolet components. There was also a forty-horsepower four cylinder model, very similar to the six cylinders in design but rather underpowered for a truck with a full ton of capacity. Corporate culture: Corporate culture is a culture in which a term used to describe the joint principles, appeal systems, and process that offer a company with its own limited flavour and way. Businesses of all sizes posses some type of corporate culture, in that every company has a set of principles and goals that help to define what the business is all about. Here are some examples of rudiments that go into creating and defining a corporate culture. At the establishment of several company cultures are the values that preside over the function of the trade. These principles are typically expressed in terms of the policies and measures that describe how the company will function. This will take in how altered departments or functions recount to one another in the manufacture process, the queue of communication well-known among management and departmental workforce, and rules leading satisfactory behaviour of each one who is part of the company. This essential managerial society makes it probable to build up other layers of business culture based on these foundational factors. Toyotas Corporate Culture: The basic reason for Toyotas victory in the worldwide marketplace lies in its corporate attitude the set of rules and manners that run the use of its possessions. Toyota have profitably penetrated international markets and recognized a world-wide occurrence by good worth of its efficiency. The companys approach to both product development and distribution is very consumer-friendly and market-driven. Toyotas philosophy of empowering its workers is the attraction of a human resources management system that promotes creativity, continuous improvement, and innovation by encouraging employee participation and that likewise creates high levels of employee loyalty. Knowing that a workplace with high spirits and job satisfaction is more likely to produce reliable, high-quality products at affordable prices, Toyota have institutionalized many successful workforce practices. Toyota has done so not only in its own plants but also in supplier plants those were experiencing problems. While a lot of car manufacturer have earned a reputation for building high-class cars, they have been not capable to conquer Toyotas reward in human resource management, dealer networks and sharing systems in the highly reasonable car market. Much of Toyotas success in the globe markets is certified in a straight line to the synergistic recital of its policies in human resources management and supply-chain networks. Managing people: Toyota has taken various steps to build high performance teams: Stage 1: Orientation. The group needs strong way from the manager and must recognize the essential task, policy of commitment, and tools the members will use. Stage 2: Dissatisfaction. After leaving to job, the members find out it is harder than they thinking to work as a group. In this phase, they go on with to need strong path (structure) from the boss but also need a lot of communal maintain to get through the tough social dynamics they do not recognize. Stage 3: Integration. The collected group starts to build up a clearer image of the roles of various side members and begins to bring to tolerate manage over group processes. The head does not have to give much duty direction, but the group still wants a lot of public sustain. Stage 4: Production. The group become a high-performing team by their own and no longer they dependent on the leader. In a meeting, people do the similar mindless task frequently and are accountable only for a minute piece of overall manufactured goods. Toyota has attempted to augment jobs in a variety of ways. Some of the quality that make the job more inspiring take in job revolution, a variety of kinds of feedback on how workers are undertaking at their jobs, the andon system and important work group independence over the tasks. Toyota became involved in job enhancement in the 1990s and redesigned its congregation appearance so that the parts that make up a subsystem of the motor vehicle are installed in one particular area on the assembly line. Rather than a work group assembling electrical systems and then putting in floor mats and then door handles, a work group strength focus almost wholly on the electrical system under the cover. For white collar employees, Toyota organizes teams approximately complete projects from start to come to an end. For example, the plan of the interior of the car is the blame of one team from the plan stage from side to side production. Participation in the project from start to end enriches and empowers the member of staff. People are encouraged by demanding but achievable goals and measurement of advancement toward those goals. Toyotas visual management systems plus policy consumption means that teams always know how they are doing and are always functioning towards stretch development targets. Policy deployment sets demanding, stretch goals from the top to the bottom of the company. Careful capacity every day let work teams know how they are performing. A learning organization: According to internet when processes are steady, squander and inefficiencies become openly able to be seen, there is a chance to learn continually from improvement. To be a learning group, it is essential to have constancy of personnel, slow encouragement, and very suspicious succession systems to defend the managerial information base. To learn means having the ability to construct on the history and move forward incrementally, rather than starting over and reinventing the wheel with new personnel with each new task. The Toyota philosophy emphasises that accurate problem solving requires identifying the root grounds which often lies hidden away from the source. The answer lies in digging deeper by asking why the trouble occurred. The hardest part to find out is grasping the condition thoroughly before taking place with five-why analysis. Grasping the situation starts with observing the condition with an open mind and comparing the genuine situation to the measure. To clarify the problem, one must begin by going to where the problem is (genchi genbutsu). For Toyota, trouble solving is 20% tools and 80% judgment. For most other companies, it seems to be 80% tools and 20% thinking. A key to learning and increasing, not only within Toyota but in Japanese civilization, is Hansei, which generally means reflection. Hansei means reflection on the development of developing the vehicle. Hansei is the check stage of PDCA. It is used most often at the end of a vehicle program, but is being now moved addition al upstream so there are quite a lot of Hansei events at key junctures in the program. Conclusion: Becoming a lean enterprise involves a lot of hard work. The company should follow the recommend the following steps: Start with achievement in the technological system; follow quickly with cultural change. The social and technical systems of TPS are intertwined. If a company wants to change the culture, it must also develop true lean leaders who can reinforce and lead that cultural change. The best way a company can develop this is through action to improve the companys core value streams, supported by committed leaders who reinforce culture change. Start with value stream pilots to demonstrate lean as a system and provide a go see model. Within a value stream that defined by a product family. The model line should become a singularly focused project with a great deal of management attention and resources to make it a success. Use value stream mapping to develop future state visions and help learn to see. The team members learn together as they see the waste in the current state, and in the future state they come together to figure out how to apply the lean tools and philosophy. Value stream mappin g should be applied only to specific product families that will be immediately transformed. Use kaizen workshops to teach and make rapid changes. Using a talented and experienced facilitator who has a deep understanding of lean tools and philosophy with a specific problem to tackle makes all the difference in what can be accomplished. However, the kaizen workshop should not become an end in itself. Kaizen workshops are best used as one tool to implement specific improvements guided by a future state value stream map. Organize around value streams. In most organizations, management is organized by process or function. In a factory, there may be the paint department, the assembly department, and the maintenance department. Value stream managers have complete responsibility for the value stream and can answer the customer. Someone with real leadership skills and a deep understanding of the product and process must be responsible for the process of creating value for customers and must be accountable to the customer. Make it mandatory. If a company looks at lean transformation as a nice thing to do in any spare time or as voluntary, it will simply not happen.

Comparing Huck Finn and Colden Haufield in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain :: essays research papers

Throughout The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain and Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger, Huck and Holden go through a series of events from which they are able to learn and grow from. They are able to develop opinions that they did not hold at the beginning of the novels but that they have formed from their travels, and both Huck and Holden are changed by the end of each novel. Although both Huck and Holden’s growth is addressed in the endings, both novels fail to provide a definite future for them. During their journeys, the reader wonders what is going to happen to Huck and Holden once this series of adventures is over and what their outlooks are. The reader is left uncertain of their future when different paths are presented from which the characters have to choose.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Huck Finn and Catcher in the Rye, the authors bring the main characters back to where they begun which makes their growth from their journeys more evident. At the end of Huck Finn, Aunt Sally is planning to ‘sivilize’ Huck, but Huck has already been ‘sivilized’ once and from his journey down the Mississippi he has viewed the ways of society and has rejected them. At the beginning of the novel, Huck holds conflicting beliefs and is not sure whether he should follow society and its rules. By the end, he has decided from his travels that he has to form his own opinions and make his own decisions because society is not all that many believe it to be. In Catcher in the Rye, Holden holds a cynical view of society and the people in it, but in the end, Holden acknowledges his cynical view by revealing that he is under the care of a psychoanalyst and then says, â€Å"Don’t ever tell anybody anything. If you do, you start missing everybo dy† (Catcher 214). Holden has begun to accept the people in society that he criticized throughout the novel and accepted the fact that he cannot protect children from entering the adult world. This shows that from the various incidents in his travels through New York, he has grown and begun to develop a new view on society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   While the changes made by Holden and Huck are apparent in the conclusion of their stories, their futures are left uncertain. At the end of Huck Finn, Aunt Sally plans to ‘sivilize’ Huck while Huck plans to head west.

Essay --

Change within any company is sometimes needed whether you want it or not. Everything around us is always changing even when we aren’t paying attention to it. The world is forever evolving and change is needed in order to keep up with the times. Organizations need change in order to keep growing and keep its employees and customers interested. Change means taking someone out of their comfort zone and imposing a new set of rules, disciplines or policies that are unknown to them. History has shown that only one approach works, for a company to stay relevant in this time of economic recession and that is change. The only company that I know very well is the casino that I worked for. There were many things that could have been changed to make the experience for customers and employees better. When you work at a casino there are so many different departments that are within that organization that there are many changes that you can make to help your company. I worked in the audit/money room. There were so many things that my department could have changed to make our job more safe and easier but they didn’t because they were so accustomed to how they had been doing things that they didn’t want to take the time out to learn something new. The managers just didn’t understand that things needed to be changed in order to evolve. â€Å"Change is the only thing that is consistent in business. Knowing how to manage change is the difference between successfully taking advantage of the opportunities it provides and letting it drag you down. Flexibility has its role in managing ch ange and organizations benefit from embracing flexibility.†(Laura Bramble, ehow.com) Commonly, some people fear what they do not understand, that of which is new and set ap... ...arge that deserved to be in charge and not people that they just liked because they were friends. This happened all the time. This should go for any organization. You need to have people in charge that knows what is going on at all times. You should never bring in someone that don’t know anything about a position and give them the leadership role. â€Å"Once formed, your "change coalition" needs to work as a team, continuing to build urgency and momentum around the need for change. What you can do: 1. Identify the true leaders in your organization, as well as your key stakeholders. 2. Ask for an emotional commitment from these key people. 3. Work on team building within your change coalition. 4. Check your team for weak areas, and ensure that you have a good mix of people from different departments and different levels within your company.†(Heraclitus, Greek philosopher)

England :: essays research papers

England England is a country, and I'm glad I came from it. There are lots of fun things you can do, and a lot of famous sites you can visit. Even though it is far away it really isn't that different from the US. In England the style of clothing is not much different from here. In the summer they wear shorts and short sleeve shirts. In the winter they wear pants and long sleeve shirts. Their climate isn't much different than ours so that's why the style of close is so closely related. A typical Sunday dinner in England is roast beef "which there is called a joint," vegetables, and pie with hot custard sauce. A common snack is fish or french fries. Most people drink tea at most of their meals, but a strong deal of people drink coffee. There are lots of interesting facts about England. The capital of England is London, and the official language spoken in England is English. England has a national song which is "God Save the Queen." In 1986 an estimate of the population in England was 46,821,000. The highest point in England is Scafell Pike, 3,210 ft, and the lowest point in England is The Fens, sea level. In England there is a lot of sites to see, and one of the greatest would be the Tower of London. It is a great fortress, with not to pleasurable memories. In there Queen Elizabeth 1 and Sir Walter Raleigh were imprisoned. Anne Buleyn was killed there. You could take a tour deep below the castle to see the beautiful crown jewels. England is also famous for the Buckingham Palace. There is where the Queen of England lives. At the Buckingham Palace you can see a wonderful ceremony called the Changing of the Guard. In this ceremony men with red tunics

Lone Survivor Review

The Lone Survivor is a movie based on a book written by a Navy Seal veteran Marcus Luttrell about a failed mission called Operation Red Wings starring Mark Wahlberg. Mark Wahlberg played the lead character Marcus Luttrell. 1The rest of the four man team is played by Eric Bana, Taylor Kitsch, Emile Hirsch, and Ben Foster. Eric Bana is an Australian film actor who played Lieutenant Commander Erik S. Kristensen, also played Bruce banner in the HULK. Taylor Kitsch played Lieutenant Michael P.â€Å"Murph† the on ground leader and also played as Gambit in X-Men Origin. Emile Hirsch played Danny Dietz SEAL Team 10's communications officer and had roles in The Girl Next Door, Alpha Dog. Ben Foster plays Sonar Technician Matthew â€Å"Axe† Axelson and also played in Hostage, and X-Men: The Last Stand. The Drama/war film had a R rating and had a run time of 1 hour and 21 minutes. The film had been expected to make 45. 1 million dollars at the box office and had a budget of 40 mil lion.Operation Red Wings was a Navy Seal 10 mission on June 28th 2005. The team set out on a clear night into the mountain outside of a Taliban village. They were then ordered to locate and terminate an Anti-Coalition leader Ahmad Shah. The movie was announced to be the best war film since Saving Private Ryan The film's theme was behind enemy lines and the movie went over the operation according to Marcus Luttrell’s story. The movie had excellent special effects and stunts.They made it seem like you were right with them in the mission. The film had been filmed in the mountains of New Mexico, but it was to look like Hindu Kush Mountains in Afghanistan. The actors added to the experience by going through a brief military training, so they knew how to move through the field. It won four rewards so far it won Best Action Film, and was places in the top ten films of the year from 2013 Las Vegas Film Critics Society Awards.It won the Best Actor in an Action Movie which had been awa rded to Mark Wahlberg and Best Action Film from 19th Critics' Choice Awards. It is still pending on other rewards Therefore, the In theater experience is amazing with the sound effects and picture. The film had emotional closings also because they honored the fallen soldiers and their families. The movie was short for a war film, and I felt it could have had more details and training, but I would rate this movie at a solid 7, but I would not put it over Saving Private Ryan.

Analysis of the daffodils by Wordsworth Essay

In this poem the poet speaks to a friend or family member about a spectacular group of daffodils that he recalls seeing when on a walk one day .The poet has an exultant tone which is obvious when reading this well-known poem. The theme is introduced with an end rhyming scheme which allows the poem to flow †I wandered lonely as a cloud†¦.when all at once I saw a crowd† .The theme of this poem is nature. The tone of the poem is shown by the use of joyful adjectives such as â€Å"golden† or â€Å"fluttering† this allows the poem to be light-hearted .Although the main theme in this poem is nature, I believe another theme is relationships because Wordsworth seems to have an amazing relationship with nature , in the way he describes the daffodils and when he thinks of the daffodils â€Å"his heart with pleasure fills and dances with the daffodils†. The imagery in this poem is bright and colourful due to the metaphors used â€Å"Continuous as the stars that shine†. In third stanza the poet talks of the waves â€Å" The waves beside them danced ,but they outdid the sparkling waves in glee† this creates a striking image of waves ,but this quote also proves how great the daffodils were .This effects the tone of the poem. The wording Wordsworth uses is so brilliant that, with each sentence the image of the daffodils becomes clearer and clearer. This effects how I imagine the flowers. The sound pattern in this poem is includes many examples of assonance â€Å"For oft when on my couch I lie†, the o in a lot of the words slows the poem down, and it allows you to reflect on the sentence. There is alteration in this poem for example â€Å"Beside the lake ,beneath the trees† .Alliteration makes the sentence remorable and allows the poem to flow.

Nursing Dilemmas Essay

There is a set of regulations or guidelines that guide the behavior of nurses in a clinical set up. These are responsibilities towards the patients and other workers in the organization. One of the clinical dilemmas encountered when genetic test made on a case reveal a high risk of development of a medical challenge such as breast cancer. The indecisiveness comes in when as a nurse is deciding on how to handle the situation and how to break the news the patient. Some nurses and physicians will recommend regular screening and, on the other hand, others will propose surgical interventions. There will be a set of uncertainties but using the Ustaal’s nine steps of coming to a moral decision will help solve the situation. Identifying the dilemma is the first step toward realization of the best decision. It involves determining the type of a dilemma whether clinical or legal (Davis, 2010). Identifying the potential outcomes of a decision made will enable one to know the best option that will have least effects on the patient. The nurse should be able to guide the patient on the implication of either having regular checks or taking a breast surgery. By reviewing the ethical codes guiding that kind of a situation, will be helpful in following the clearest moral code. A nurse is also supposed to consider various actions that can be taken towards the situation and decide the most appropriate way to communicate them to the client. It is vital to list the possible consequences of choosing a particular course of direction towards solving the experienced dilemma and as a registered nurse one will have the best knowledge on what path to follow. Finally, a nurse will chose the best course of action, involve the patient in the decision through soliciting clients inputs in the decision and eventually, the implementation of the strategy will take place. Works Cited Davis, A. (2010). Ethical Dilemmas & Nursing Practice. USA: Julie Alexander Publishers.

George Orwell’s 1984 Human Nature Essay Essay

George Orwell’s 1984 is a novel which describes utter and total hate- hate of those who are different, hate of evil and hate of all other humans. It is where love is described as absurd, and totally unnecessary. People are bred to hate, and hate is the primary emotion that people feel. The lack of love and kindness is what brings the society to such a complete totalitarian state. Human beings instinctively crave love and care to thrive and without it no one can truly be happy or free. This works well for 1984 because it is a hate driven society, but the lack of love causes unrest with those who can see the importance of love. By seeking out a relationship in this society it is a certain death sentence and no moral conviction or emotional loyalty is strong enough to withstand torture or betrayal. Physical pain and fear will always cause people to betray their convictions if doing so will end their suffering. It is extremely important for the leaders of this society to control relationships and emotions; the society breeds hatred and disapproves of love in its citizens. There is no way to successfully rebel against this control as the Party surmises. The traitors against the Party belief that love is nonexistent â€Å"[imagine] that there is something called human nature which will. . .turn against [the Party]† (Part 3. Ch. 3, Pg. 282). Unfortunately, the Party has created human nature and it despises those who believe they can fight against their control. They utilize torture to suppress loyalties that attempt to surface between rebels. The potential for loving relationships in this society is highly improbable, because of the oppressive rule and the fear of being found out by the Party bosses. The Party knows that love cannot bloom or should not because they govern emotions. It is accepted that â€Å"men are infinitely malleable.† (Part 3. Ch. 3, Pg. 282) and no one should be able to feel close to another. The Party allows people to get close perhaps, but then uses torture to have them betray each other- which is what will ultimately tear people apart. No one can allow themselves a relationship ruined by betrayal. Not only does the Party make romantic loyalties a crime, it also creates loveless familial relations. Children in families do not show love or affection towards their parents. They are taught by the Party to spy on  their mothers and fathers; to be miniature investigators for treason. The society has become one where â€Å"it was almost normal for people. . . to be frightened of their own children. (Part 1, Ch. 2, Pg. 27) The Party creates a system where children who betray their families are rewarded and so mothers cannot show any love towards their children without fearing treason- which would result in torture. No family can be close to each other as families of the past- everyone has reason to be afraid of each other and worry that they may be turned in by their offspring. A family is not an organism strong enough to bond together without fear of conviction. The Party creates spies in youth, who are afraid of what will happen to them if they do not obey the Party. No longer do families create the rules and impose authority- it is the government that raises children, and families must become terrified of their own progeny. The most important aspect of human nature is that people can bond with each other to create loving relationships. One must find someone to fight with, to rebel against the oppression but in this society any thought of love is shadowed by the knowledge that everyone could be able to betray everybody. The Party does not permit emotional attachment and threats of torture affix themselves to any relationship- if someone loves someone, might the object of their affection just as easily be a spy than a lover? No one can honestly maintain a relationship under the pressure of the Party. In the end, betrayal is the only way to go and it overcomes even the basic human instinct to seek out love. It ends up that eventually love does not conquer all and one can only love their saviour- even if they are Party commanders. Romantic love is an ideal that cannot prevail because it is slowly bred into the hearts and minds of the rebels that this love will only end in misery. The once loving will turn into bitter misers and betray whomever that they believe put them in the torture chamber. Love may be worth â€Å"risking everything for† (Erica Jong) but unfortunately what happens in the end is that â€Å"you don’t risk anything, [and find yourself risking even more]† (Erica Jong). And by risking everything it is an admittance to die. Love and loyalty are not strong enough factors in this society- betrayal is, and by this betrayal one accepts condemnation to die. Love and emotional attachments, the underlying components of human nature, lead one to fear pain and betrayal, as well as separation, ultimately causing one to accept the oppression and fear that allows the Party to thrive. In this society to survive one cannot allow a relationship to be formed. One must be solitary and isolated because it is necessary to have love, yet it is fatalistic to seek it out. Love has become a tool for the Party to manipulate. Human nature demands that families are loving and kind; that a couple can spend time together and that love should freely abound in a society. Yet, human nature is controlled and to love is to fear the torture and threats from the Party. Love is betrayal and human nature is to fight against this betrayal. People may wish to have relations with each other, yet the ultimate realization that comes from the novel is that no emotional ties or moral convictions are able to withstand extreme suffering.